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Network Working Group R. Stewart
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expires: March 12, 2004 L. Ong
Ciena Systems
I. Arias-Rodriguez
Nokia Research Center
K. Poon
Consultant
P. Conrad
A. Caro
University of Delaware
M. Tuexen
Univ. of Applied Sciences Muenster
September 12, 2003
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Implementer's Guide
draft-ietf-tsvwg-sctpimpguide-09.txt
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
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http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on March 12, 2004.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document contains a compilation of all defects found up until
the publishing of this document for the Stream Control Transmission
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Protocol (SCTP) RFC2960 [5]. These defects may be of an editorial or
technical nature. This document may be thought of as a companion
document to be used in the implementation of SCTP to clarify errors
in the original SCTP document.
This document updates RFC2960 [5] and text within this document
supersedes the text found in RFC2960 [5].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1 Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Corrections to RFC2960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Incorrect error type during chunk processing. . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Parameter processing issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Padding issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Parameter types across all chunk types . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Stream parameter clarification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 Restarting association security issue . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 Implicit ability to exceed cwnd by PMTU-1 bytes . . . . . 17
2.7.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8 Issues with Fast Retransmit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.9 Missing statement about partial_bytes_acked update . . . . 21
2.9.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.9.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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2.9.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.10 Issues with Heartbeating and failure detection . . . . . . 23
2.10.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.10.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.10.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.11 Security interactions with firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.11.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.11.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.11.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.12 Shutdown ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.12.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.12.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.12.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.13 Inconsistency in ABORT processing . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.13.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.13.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.13.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.14 Cwnd gated by its full use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.14.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.14.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.14.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.15 Window probes in SCTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.15.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.15.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.15.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.16 Fragmentation and Path MTU issues . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.16.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.16.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.16.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.17 Initial value of the cumulative TSN Ack . . . . . . . . . 37
2.17.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.17.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.17.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.18 Handling of address parameters within the INIT or
INIT-ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.18.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.18.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.18.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.19 Handling of stream shortages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.19.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.19.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.19.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.20 Indefinite postponement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.20.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.20.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.20.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.21 User initiated abort of an association . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.21.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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2.21.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.21.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.22 Handling of invalid Initiate Tag of INIT-ACK . . . . . . . 47
2.22.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.22.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.22.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.23 ABORT sending in response to an INIT . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.23.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.23.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.23.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.24 Stream Sequence Number (SSN) Initialization . . . . . . . 49
2.24.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.24.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.24.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.25 SACK packet format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.25.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.25.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.25.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.26 Protocol Violation Error Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.26.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.26.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.26.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.27 Reporting of Unrecognized Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.27.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.27.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.27.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.28 Handling of IP Address Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.28.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.28.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.28.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.29 Handling of COOKIE ECHO chunks when a TCB exists . . . . 55
2.29.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.29.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.29.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.30 The Initial Congestion Window Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.30.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.30.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.30.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.31 Stream Sequence Numbers in Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.31.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.31.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.31.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.32 Unrecognized Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.32.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.32.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.32.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.33 Handling of unrecognized parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.33.1 Description of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
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2.33.2 Text changes to the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.33.3 Solution description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . 69
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1. Introduction
This document contains a compilation of all defects found up until
the publishing of this document for the Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) RFC2960 [5]. These defects may be of an editorial or
technical nature. This document may be thought of as a companion
document to be used in the implementation of SCTP to clarify errors
in the original SCTP document.
This document updates RFC2960 and text within this document, where
noted, supersedes the text found in RFC2960 [5]. Each error will be
detailed within this document in the form of:
o The problem description,
o The text quoted from RFC2960 [5],
o The replacement text,
o A description of the solution.
1.1 Conventions
The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, NOT RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when
they appear in this document, are to be interpreted as described in
RFC2119 [2].
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2. Corrections to RFC2960
2.1 Incorrect error type during chunk processing.
2.1.1 Description of the problem
A typo was discovered in RFC2960 [5] that incorrectly specifies an
action to be taken when processing chunks of unknown identity.
2.1.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.2)
---------
01 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it, and report the unrecognized
parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in either an
ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
---------
New text: (Section 3.2)
---------
01 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it, and report the unrecognized
chunk in an 'Unrecognized Chunk Type'.
2.1.3 Solution description
The receiver of an unrecognized Chunk should not send a 'parameter'
error but instead the appropriate chunk error as described above.
2.2 Parameter processing issue
2.2.1 Description of the problem
A typographical error was introduced through an improper cut and
paste in the use of the upper two bits to describe proper handling of
unknown parameters.
2.2.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
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00 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it.
01 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it, and report the unrecognized
parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in either an
ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
---------
New text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
00 - Stop processing this SCTP chunk and discard it, do not process
any further parameters within this chunk.
01 - Stop processing this SCTP chunk and discard it, do not process
any further parameters within this chunk, and report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in
either an ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
2.2.3 Solution description
It was always the intent to stop processing at the level one was at
in an unknown chunk or parameter with the upper bit set to 0. Thus if
you are processing a chunk, you should drop the packet. If you are
processing a parameter, you should drop the chunk.
2.3 Padding issues
2.3.1 Description of the problem
A problem was found in that when a Chunk terminated in a TLV
parameter. If this last TLV was not on a 32 bit boundary (as
required), there was confusion as to if the last padding was included
in the chunk length.
2.3.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.2)
---------
Chunk Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This value represents the size of the chunk in bytes including the
Chunk Type, Chunk Flags, Chunk Length, and Chunk Value fields.
Therefore, if the Chunk Value field is zero-length, the Length
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field will be set to 4. The Chunk Length field does not count any
padding.
Chunk Value: variable length
The Chunk Value field contains the actual information to be
transferred in the chunk. The usage and format of this field is
dependent on the Chunk Type.
The total length of a chunk (including Type, Length and Value fields)
MUST be a multiple of 4 bytes. If the length of the chunk is not a
multiple of 4 bytes, the sender MUST pad the chunk with all zero
bytes and this padding is not included in the chunk length field.
The sender should never pad with more than 3 bytes. The receiver
MUST ignore the padding bytes.
---------
New text: (Section 3.2)
---------
Chunk Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
This value represents the size of the chunk in bytes including the
Chunk Type, Chunk Flags, Chunk Length, and Chunk Value fields.
Therefore, if the Chunk Value field is zero-length, the Length
field will be set to 4. The Chunk Length field does not count any
chunk padding.
Chunks (including Type, Length and Value fields) are padded out by
the sender with all zero bytes to be a multiple of 4 bytes long.
This padding MUST NOT be more than 3 bytes in total. The Chunk
Length value does not include terminating padding of the Chunk.
However, it does include padding of any variable length parameter
except the last parameter in the Chunk. The receiver MUST ignore
the padding.
Note: A robust implementation should accept the Chunk whether
or not the final padding has been included in the Chunk Length.
Chunk Value: variable length
The Chunk Value field contains the actual information to be
transferred in the chunk. The usage and format of this field is
dependent on the Chunk Type.
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2.3.3 Solution description
The above text makes clear that the padding of the last parameter is
not included in the Chunk Length field. It also clarifies that the
padding of parameters that are not the last one must be counted in
the Chunk Length field.
2.4 Parameter types across all chunk types
2.4.1 Description of the problem
A problem was noted when multiple errors are needed to be sent
regarding unknown or unrecognized parameters. Since often times the
error type does not hold the chunk type field, it may become
difficult to tell which error was associated with which chunk.
2.4.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
The actual SCTP parameters are defined in the specific SCTP chunk
sections. The rules for IETF-defined parameter extensions are
defined in Section 13.2.
---------
New text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
The actual SCTP parameters are defined in the specific SCTP chunk
sections. The rules for IETF-defined parameter extensions are
defined in Section 13.2. Note that a parameter type MUST be unique
across all chunks. For example, the parameter type '5' is used to
represent an IPv4 address (see section 3.3.2). The value '5' then is
reserved across all chunks to represent an IPv4 address and MUST NOT
be reused with a different meaning in any other chunk.
---------
Old text: (Section 13.2)
---------
13.2 IETF-defined Chunk Parameter Extension
The assignment of new chunk parameter type codes is done through an
IETF Consensus action as defined in [RFC2434]. Documentation of the
chunk parameter MUST contain the following information:
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a) Name of the parameter type.
b) Detailed description of the structure of the parameter field.
This structure MUST conform to the general type-length-value
format described in Section 3.2.1.
c) Detailed definition of each component of the parameter type.
d) Detailed description of the intended use of this parameter type,
and an indication of whether and under what circumstances multiple
instances of this parameter type may be found within the same
chunk.
---------
New text: (Section 13.2)
---------
13.2 IETF-defined Chunk Parameter Extension
The assignment of new chunk parameter type codes is done through an
IETF Consensus action as defined in [RFC2434]. Documentation of the
chunk parameter MUST contain the following information:
a) Name of the parameter type.
b) Detailed description of the structure of the parameter field. This
structure MUST conform to the general type-length-value format
described in Section 3.2.1.
c) Detailed definition of each component of the parameter type.
d) Detailed description of the intended use of this parameter type,
and an indication of whether and under what circumstances multiple
instances of this parameter type may be found within the same
chunk.
e) Each parameter type MUST be unique across all chunks.
2.4.3 Solution description
By having all parameters unique across all chunk assignments (the
current assignment policy) no ambiguity exists as to what a parameter
means based on context. The trade off for this is a smaller parameter
space i.e. 65,536 parameters versus 65,536 * Number-of-chunks.
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2.5 Stream parameter clarification
2.5.1 Description of the problem
A problem was found where the specification is unclear on the
legality of an endpoint asking for more stream resources than were
allowed in the MIS value of the INIT. In particular the value in the
INIT ACK requested in its OS value was larger than the MIS value
received in the INIT chunk. This behavior is illegal yet it was
unspecified in RFC2960 [5]
2.5.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.3)
---------
Number of Outbound Streams (OS): 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the number of outbound streams the sender of this INIT ACK
chunk wishes to create in this association. The value of 0 MUST
NOT be used.
Note: A receiver of an INIT ACK with the OS value set to 0 SHOULD
destroy the association discarding its TCB.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.3)
---------
Number of Outbound Streams (OS): 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Defines the number of outbound streams the sender of this INIT ACK
chunk wishes to create in this association. The value of 0 MUST
NOT be used and the value MUST NOT be greater than the MIS value
sent in the INIT chunk.
Note: A receiver of an INIT ACK with the OS value set to 0 SHOULD
destroy the association discarding its TCB.
2.5.3 Solution description
The change in wording, above, changes it so that a responder to an
INIT chunk does not specify more streams in its OS value than was
represented to it in the MIS value i.e. its maximum.
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2.6 Restarting association security issue
2.6.1 Description of the problem
A security problem was found when a restart occurs. It is possible
for an intruder to send an INIT to an endpoint of an existing
association. In the INIT the intruder would list one or more of the
current addresses of an association and its own. The normal restart
procedures would then occur and the intruder would have hi-jacked an
association.
2.6.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.10)
---------
Cause Code
Value Cause Code
--------- ----------------
1 Invalid Stream Identifier
2 Missing Mandatory Parameter
3 Stale Cookie Error
4 Out of Resource
5 Unresolvable Address
6 Unrecognized Chunk Type
7 Invalid Mandatory Parameter
8 Unrecognized Parameters
9 No User Data
10 Cookie Received While Shutting Down
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields
Cause-specific Information: variable length
This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.10 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 13.3.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.10)
---------
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Cause Code
Value Cause Code
--------- ----------------
1 Invalid Stream Identifier
2 Missing Mandatory Parameter
3 Stale Cookie Error
4 Out of Resource
5 Unresolvable Address
6 Unrecognized Chunk Type
7 Invalid Mandatory Parameter
8 Unrecognized Parameters
9 No User Data
10 Cookie Received While Shutting Down
11 Restart of an association with new addresses
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields
Cause-specific Information: variable length
This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.11 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 13.3.
---------
New text: (Note no old text, new error cause added in section 3.3.10)
---------
3.3.10.11 Restart of an association with new addresses (11)
Cause of error
--------------
Restart of an association with new addresses: An INIT was received
on an existing association. But the INIT added addresses to the
association that were previously NOT part of the association. The
New addresses are listed in the error code. This ERROR is normally
sent as part of an ABORT refusing the INIT (see section 5.2).
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code=11 | Cause Length=Variable |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ New Address TLVs /
\\ \\
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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---------
Old text: (Section 5.2.1)
---------
Upon receipt of an INIT in the COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE-ECHOED state, an
endpoint MUST respond with an INIT ACK using the same parameters it
sent in its original INIT chunk (including its Initiation Tag,
unchanged). These original parameters are combined with those from
the newly received INIT chunk. The endpoint shall also generate a
State Cookie with the INIT ACK. The endpoint uses the parameters
sent in its INIT to calculate the State Cookie.
---------
New text: (Section 5.2.1)
---------
Upon receipt of an INIT in the COOKIE-WAIT state, an endpoint MUST
respond with an INIT ACK using the same parameters it sent in its
original INIT chunk (including its Initiation Tag, unchanged). When
responding the endpoint MUST send the INIT ACK back to the same
address that the original INIT (sent by this endpoint) was sent to.
Upon receipt of an INIT in the COOKIE-ECHOED state, an endpoint MUST
respond with an INIT ACK using the same parameters it sent in its
original INIT chunk (including its Initiation Tag, unchanged)
provided that no NEW address have been added to the forming
association. If the INIT message indicates that a new address(es)
have been added to the association, then the entire INIT MUST be
discarded and NO changes should be made to the existing association.
An ABORT MUST be sent in response that SHOULD include the error
'Restart of an association with new addresses'. The error SHOULD list
the addresses that were added to the restarting association.
When responding in either state (COOKIE-WAIT or COOKIE-ECHOED) with
an INIT ACK the original parameters are combined with those from the
newly received INIT chunk. The endpoint shall also generate a State
Cookie with the INIT ACK. The endpoint uses the parameters sent in
its INIT to calculate the State Cookie.
---------
Old text: (Section 5.2.2)
---------
5.2.2 Unexpected INIT in States Other than CLOSED, COOKIE-ECHOED,
COOKIE-WAIT and SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT
Unless otherwise stated, upon reception of an unexpected INIT for
this association, the endpoint shall generate an INIT ACK with a
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State Cookie. In the outbound INIT ACK the endpoint MUST copy its
current Verification Tag and peer's Verification Tag into a reserved
place within the state cookie. We shall refer to these locations as
the Peer's-Tie-Tag and the Local-Tie-Tag. The outbound SCTP packet
containing this INIT ACK MUST carry a Verification Tag value equal to
the Initiation Tag found in the unexpected INIT. And the INIT ACK
MUST contain a new Initiation Tag (randomly generated see Section
5.3.1). Other parameters for the endpoint SHOULD be copied from the
existing parameters of the association (e.g. number of outbound
streams) into the INIT ACK and cookie.
After sending out the INIT ACK, the endpoint shall take no further
actions, i.e., the existing association, including its current state,
and the corresponding TCB MUST NOT be changed.
Note: Only when a TCB exists and the association is not in a COOKIE-
WAIT state are the Tie-Tags populated. For a normal association INIT
(i.e. the endpoint is in a COOKIE-WAIT state), the Tie-Tags MUST be
set to 0 (indicating that no previous TCB existed). The INIT ACK and
State Cookie are populated as specified in section 5.2.1.
---------
New text: (Section 5.2.2)
---------
5.2.2 Unexpected INIT in States Other than CLOSED, COOKIE-ECHOED,
COOKIE-WAIT and SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT
Unless otherwise stated, upon reception of an unexpected INIT for
this association, the endpoint shall generate an INIT ACK with a
State Cookie. Before responding the endpoint MUST check to see if the
unexpected INIT adds new addresses to the association. If new
addresses are added to the association, the endpoint MUST respond
with an ABORT copying the 'Initiation Tag' of the unexpected INIT
into the 'Verification Tag' of the outbound packet carrying the ABORT.
In the ABORT response the cause of error SHOULD be set to 'restart
of an association with new addresses'. The error SHOULD list the
addresses that were added to the restarting association.
If no new addresses are added, when responding to the INIT in the
outbound INIT ACK the endpoint MUST copy its current Verification Tag
and peer's Verification Tag into a reserved place within the state
cookie. We shall refer to these locations as the Peer's-Tie-Tag and
the Local-Tie-Tag. The outbound SCTP packet containing this INIT ACK
MUST carry a Verification Tag value equal to the Initiation Tag found
in the unexpected INIT. And the INIT ACK MUST contain a new
Initiation Tag (randomly generated see Section 5.3.1). Other
parameters for the endpoint SHOULD be copied from the existing
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parameters of the association (e.g. number of outbound streams) into
the INIT ACK and cookie.
After sending out the INIT ACK or ABORT, the endpoint shall take no
further actions, i.e., the existing association, including its
current state, and the corresponding TCB MUST NOT be changed.
Note: Only when a TCB exists and the association is not in a COOKIE-
WAIT or SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state are the Tie-Tags
populated with a value other than 0. For a normal association INIT
(i.e. the endpoint is in the CLOSED state), the Tie-Tags MUST be set
to 0 (indicating that no previous TCB existed).
2.6.3 Solution description
A new error code is being added and specific instructions to send
back an ABORT to a new association in a restart case or collision
case, where new addresses have been added. The error code can be used
by a legitimate restart to inform the endpoint that it has made a
software error in adding a new address. The endpoint then can choose
to wait until the OOTB ABORT tears down the old association, or
restart without the new address.
Also the Note at the end of section 5.2.2 explaining the use of the
Tie-Tags was modified to properly explain the states in which the
Tie-Tags should be set to a value different than 0.
2.7 Implicit ability to exceed cwnd by PMTU-1 bytes
2.7.1 Description of the problem
Some implementations were having difficulty growing their cwnd. This
was due to an improper enforcement of the congestion control rules.
The rules, as written, provided for a slop over of the cwnd value.
Without this slop over the sender would appear to NOT be using its
full cwnd value and thus never increase it.
2.7.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.1)
---------
B) At any given time, the sender MUST NOT transmit new data to a
given transport address if it has cwnd or more bytes of data
outstanding to that transport address.
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---------
New text: (Section 6.1)
---------
B) At any given time, the sender MUST NOT transmit new data to a
given transport address if it has cwnd or more bytes of data
outstanding to that transport address. The sender may exceed cwnd
by up to (PMTU-1) bytes on a new transmission if the cwnd is not
currently exceeded.
2.7.3 Solution description
The text changes make clear the ability to go over the cwnd value by
no more than (PMTU-1) bytes.
2.8 Issues with Fast Retransmit
2.8.1 Description of the problem
Several problems were found in the current specification of fast
retransmit. The current wording did not require GAP ACK blocks to be
sent, even though they are essential to the workings of SCTP's
congestion control. The specification left unclear how to handle the
fast retransmit cycle, having the implementation to wait on the cwnd
to retransmit a TSN that was marked for fast retransmit. No limit was
placed on how many times a TSN could be fast retransmitted. Fast
Recovery was not specified, causing the congestion window to be
reduced drastically when there are multiple losses in a single RTT.
2.8.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.2)
---------
Acknowledgments MUST be sent in SACK chunks unless shutdown was
requested by the ULP in which case an endpoint MAY send an
acknowledgment in the SHUTDOWN chunk. A SACK chunk can acknowledge
the reception of multiple DATA chunks. See Section 3.3.4 for SACK
chunk format. In particular, the SCTP endpoint MUST fill in the
Cumulative TSN Ack field to indicate the latest sequential TSN (of a
valid DATA chunk) it has received. Any received DATA chunks with TSN
greater than the value in the Cumulative TSN Ack field SHOULD also be
reported in the Gap Ack Block fields.
---------
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New text: (Section 6.2)
---------
Acknowledgments MUST be sent in SACK chunks unless shutdown was
requested by the ULP in which case an endpoint MAY send an
acknowledgment in the SHUTDOWN chunk. A SACK chunk can acknowledge
the reception of multiple DATA chunks. See Section 3.3.4 for SACK
chunk format. In particular, the SCTP endpoint MUST fill in the
Cumulative TSN Ack field to indicate the latest sequential TSN (of a
valid DATA chunk) it has received. Any received DATA chunks with
TSN greater than the value in the Cumulative TSN Ack field are reported
in the Gap Ack Block fields. The SCTP endpoint MUST report as many
Gap Ack Blocks that can fit in a single SACK chunk limited by the
current path MTU.
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.4)
---------
Whenever an endpoint receives a SACK that indicates some TSN(s)
missing, it SHOULD wait for 3 further miss indications (via
subsequent SACK's) on the same TSN(s) before taking action with
regard to Fast Retransmit.
When the TSN(s) is reported as missing in the fourth consecutive
SACK, the data sender shall:
1) Mark the missing DATA chunk(s) for retransmission,
2) Adjust the ssthresh and cwnd of the destination address(es) to
which the missing DATA chunks were last sent, according to the
formula described in Section 7.2.3.
3) Determine how many of the earliest (i.e., lowest TSN) DATA chunks
marked for retransmission will fit into a single packet, subject
to constraint of the path MTU of the destination transport address
to which the packet is being sent. Call this value K. Retransmit
those K DATA chunks in a single packet.
4) Restart T3-rtx timer only if the last SACK acknowledged the lowest
outstanding TSN number sent to that address, or the endpoint is
retransmitting the first outstanding DATA chunk sent to that
address.
Note: Before the above adjustments, if the received SACK also
acknowledges new DATA chunks and advances the Cumulative TSN Ack
Point, the cwnd adjustment rules defined in Sections 7.2.1 and 7.2.2
must be applied first.
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A straightforward implementation of the above keeps a counter for
each TSN hole reported by a SACK. The counter increments for each
consecutive SACK reporting the TSN hole. After reaching 4 and
starting the fast retransmit procedure, the counter resets to 0.
Because cwnd in SCTP indirectly bounds the number of outstanding
TSN's, the effect of TCP fast-recovery is achieved automatically with
no adjustment to the congestion control window size.
---------
New text: (Section 7.2.4)
---------
Whenever an endpoint receives a SACK that indicates some TSN(s)
missing, it SHOULD wait for 3 further miss indications (via
subsequent SACK's) on the same TSN(s) before taking action with
regard to Fast Retransmit.
Miss indications SHOULD follow the HTNA (Highest TSN Newly Acknowledged)
algorithm. For each incoming SACK, miss indications are incremented only
for missing TSNs prior to the highest TSN newly acknowledged in the
SACK. A newly acknowledged DATA chunk is one not previously acknowledged
in a SACK. If an endpoint is in Fast Recovery and a SACK arrives that
advances the Cumulative TSN Ack Point, the miss indications are
incremented for all TSNs reported missing in the SACK.
When the fourth consecutive miss indication is recieved for a TSN(s), the
data sender shall:
1) Mark the DATA chunk(s) with four miss indications for retransmission.
2) If not in Fast Recovery, adjust the ssthresh and cwnd of the
destination address(es) to which the missing DATA chunks were last
sent, according to the formula described in Section 7.2.3.
3) Determine how many of the earliest (i.e., lowest TSN) DATA chunks
marked for retransmission will fit into a single packet, subject
to constraint of the path MTU of the destination transport address
to which the packet is being sent. Call this value K. Retransmit
those K DATA chunks in a single packet. When a Fast Retransmit is
being performed the sender SHOULD ignore the value of cwnd and
SHOULD NOT delay retransmission for this single packet.
4) Restart T3-rtx timer only if the last SACK acknowledged the lowest
outstanding TSN number sent to that address, or the endpoint is
retransmitting the first outstanding DATA chunk sent to that
address.
5) Mark the DATA chunk(s) as being fast retransmitted and thus
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ineligible for a subsequent fast retransmit. Those TSNs marked
for retransmission due to the Fast Retransmit algorithm that
did not fit in the sent datagram carrying K other TSNs are also
marked as ineligible for a subsequent fast retransmit. However,
as they are marked for retransmission they will be retransmitted
later on as soon as cwnd allows.
6) If not in Fast Recovery, enter Fast Recovery and mark the highest
outstanding TSN as the Fast Recovery exit point. When a SACK
acknowledges all TSNs up to and including this exit point, Fast
Recovery is exited. While in Fast Recovery, the ssthresh and cwnd
SHOULD NOT change for any destinations.
Note: Before the above adjustments, if the received SACK also
acknowledges new DATA chunks and advances the Cumulative TSN Ack
Point, the cwnd adjustment rules defined in Sections 7.2.1 and 7.2.2
must be applied first.
2.8.3 Solution description
The effect of the above wording changes are as follows:
o It requires with a MUST the sending of GAP Ack blocks instead of
the current RFC2960 [5] SHOULD.
o It allows a TSN being Fast Retransmitted (FR) to be sent only once
via FR.
o It ends the delay in awaiting for the flight size to drop when a
TSN is identified ready to FR.
o It changes the way chunks are marked during fast retransmit, so
that only new reports are counted.
o It introduces a Fast Recovery period to avoid multiple congestion
window reductions when there are multiple losses in a single RTT
(as shown by Caro et al. [3]).
These changes will effectively allow SCTP to follow a similar model
as TCP+SACK in the handling of Fast Retransmit.
2.9 Missing statement about partial_bytes_acked update
2.9.1 Description of the problem
SCTP uses four control variables to regulate its transmission rate:
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rwnd, cwnd, ssthresh and partial_bytes_acked. Upon detection of
packet losses from SACK or when the T3-rtx timer expires on an
address cwnd and ssthresh should be updated as stated in section
7.2.3. However, that section should also clarify that
partial_bytes_acked must be updated as well, having to be reset to 0.
2.9.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.3)
---------
7.2.3 Congestion Control
Upon detection of packet losses from SACK (see Section 7.2.4), An
endpoint should do the following:
ssthresh = max(cwnd/2, 2*MTU)
cwnd = ssthresh
Basically, a packet loss causes cwnd to be cut in half.
When the T3-rtx timer expires on an address, SCTP should perform slow
start by:
ssthresh = max(cwnd/2, 2*MTU)
cwnd = 1*MTU
---------
New text: (Section 7.2.3)
---------
7.2.3 Congestion Control
Upon detection of packet losses from SACK (see Section 7.2.4), an
endpoint should do the following if not in Fast Recovery:
ssthresh = max(cwnd/2, 2*MTU)
cwnd = ssthresh
partial_bytes_acked = 0
Basically, a packet loss causes cwnd to be cut in half.
When the T3-rtx timer expires on an address, SCTP should perform slow
start by:
ssthresh = max(cwnd/2, 2*MTU)
cwnd = 1*MTU
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partial_bytes_acked = 0
2.9.3 Solution description
The missing text added solves the doubts about what to do with
partial_bytes_acked in the situations stated in section 7.2.3, making
clear that along with ssthresh and cwnd, partial_bytes_acked should
also be updated, having to be reset to 0.
2.10 Issues with Heartbeating and failure detection
2.10.1 Description of the problem
Five basic problems have been discovered with the current heartbeat
procedures:
o The current specification does not specify that you should count a
failed heartbeat as an error against the overall association.
o The current specification is un-specific as to when you start
sending heartbeats and when you should stop.
o The current specification is un-specific as to when you should
respond to heartbeats.
o When responding to a Heartbeat it is unclear what to do if more
than a single TLV is present.
o The jitter applied to a heartbeat was meant to be a small variance
of the RTO and is currently a wide variance due to the default
delay time and incorrect wording within the RFC.
2.10.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 8.1)
---------
8.1 Endpoint Failure Detection
An endpoint shall keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
retransmissions to its peer (including retransmissions to all the
destination transport addresses of the peer if it is multi-homed).
If the value of this counter exceeds the limit indicated in the
protocol parameter 'Association.Max.Retrans', the endpoint shall
consider the peer endpoint unreachable and shall stop transmitting
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any more data to it (and thus the association enters the CLOSED
state). In addition, the endpoint shall report the failure to the
upper layer, and optionally report back all outstanding user data
remaining in its outbound queue. The association is automatically
closed when the peer endpoint becomes unreachable.
The counter shall be reset each time a DATA chunk sent to that peer
endpoint is acknowledged (by the reception of a SACK), or a
HEARTBEAT-ACK is received from the peer endpoint.
---------
New text: (Section 8.1)
---------
8.1 Endpoint Failure Detection
An endpoint shall keep a counter on the total number of consecutive
retransmissions to its peer (this includes retransmissions to all the
destination transport addresses of the peer if it is multi-homed),
including unacknowledged HEARTBEAT Chunks. If the value of this
counter exceeds the limit indicated in the protocol parameter
'Association.Max.Retrans', the endpoint shall consider the peer
endpoint unreachable and shall stop transmitting any more data to it
(and thus the association enters the CLOSED state). In addition, the
endpoint shall report the failure to the upper layer, and optionally
report back all outstanding user data remaining in its outbound
queue. The association is automatically closed when the peer
endpoint becomes unreachable.
The counter shall be reset each time a DATA chunk sent to that peer
endpoint is acknowledged (by the reception of a SACK), or a
HEARTBEAT-ACK is received from the peer endpoint.
---------
Old text: (Section 8.3)
---------
8.3 Path Heartbeat
By default, an SCTP endpoint shall monitor the reachability of the
idle destination transport address(es) of its peer by sending a
HEARTBEAT chunk periodically to the destination transport
address(es).
---------
New text: (Section 8.3)
---------
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8.3 Path Heartbeat
By default, an SCTP endpoint shall monitor the reachability of the
idle destination transport address(es) of its peer by sending a
HEARTBEAT chunk periodically to the destination transport
address(es). HEARTBEAT sending MAY begin upon reaching the
ESTABLISHED state, and is discontinued after sending either SHUTDOWN
or SHUTDOWN-ACK. A receiver of a HEARTBEAT MUST respond to a
HEARTBEAT with a HEARTBEAT-ACK after entering the COOKIE-ECHOED state
(INIT sender) or the ESTABLISHED state (INIT receiver), up until
reaching the SHUTDOWN-SENT state (SHUTDOWN sender) or the
SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state (SHUTDOWN receiver).
---------
Old text: (Section 8.3)
---------
The receiver of the HEARTBEAT should immediately respond with a
HEARTBEAT ACK that contains the Heartbeat Information field copied
from the received HEARTBEAT chunk.
---------
New text: (Section 8.3)
---------
The receiver of the HEARTBEAT should immediately respond with a
HEARTBEAT ACK that contains the Heartbeat Information TLV, together
with any other received TLVs, copied unchanged from the received
HEARTBEAT chunk.
---------
Old text: (Section 8.3)
---------
On an idle destination address that is allowed to heartbeat, a
HEARTBEAT chunk is RECOMMENDED to be sent once per RTO of that
destination address plus the protocol parameter 'HB.interval' , with
jittering of +/- 50%, and exponential back-off of the RTO if the
previous HEARTBEAT is unanswered.
---------
New text: (Section 8.3)
---------
On an idle destination address that is allowed to heartbeat, a
HEARTBEAT chunk is RECOMMENDED to be sent once per RTO of that
destination address plus the protocol parameter 'HB.interval' , with
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jittering of +/- 50% of the RTO value, and exponential back-off
of the RTO if the previous HEARTBEAT is unanswered.
2.10.3 Solution description
The above text provides guidance as to how to respond to the five
issues mentioned in Section 2.10.1 In particular the wording changes
provide guidance as to when to start and stop heartbeating, how to
respond to a heartbeat with extra parameters, and clarifies the error
counting procedures for the association.
2.11 Security interactions with firewalls
2.11.1 Description of the problem
When dealing with firewalls it is advantageous to the firewall to be
able to properly determine the initial startup sequence of a reliable
transport protocol. With this in mind the following text is to be
added to SCTP's security section.
2.11.2 Text changes to the document
---------
New text: (no old text, new section added)
---------
11.4 SCTP interactions with firewalls
It is helpful for some firewalls if they can inspect
just the first fragment of a fragmented SCTP packet and unambiguously
determine whether it corresponds to an INIT chunk (for further information
please refer to RFC1858). Accordingly, we
stress the requirements stated in 3.1 that (1) an INIT chunk MUST NOT
be bundled with any other chunk in a packet, and (2) a packet
containing an INIT chunk MUST have a zero Verification Tag.
Furthermore, we require that the receiver of an INIT chunk MUST
enforce these rules by silently discarding an arriving packet with an
INIT chunk that is bundled with other chunks.
---------
Old text: (Section 18)
---------
18. Bibliography
[ALLMAN99] Allman, M. and Paxson, V., "On Estimating End-to-End
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Network Path Properties", Proc. SIGCOMM'99, 1999.
[FALL96] Fall, K. and Floyd, S., Simulation-based Comparisons of
Tahoe, Reno, and SACK TCP, Computer Communications Review,
V. 26 N. 3, July 1996, pp. 5-21.
[RFC1750] Eastlake, D. (ed.), "Randomness Recommendations for
Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.
[RFC1950] Deutsch P. and J. Gailly, "ZLIB Compressed Data Format
Specification version 3.3", RFC 1950, May 1996.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, March 1997.
[RFC2196] Fraser, B., "Site Security Handbook", FYI 8, RFC 2196,
September 1997.
[RFC2522] Karn, P. and W. Simpson, "Photuris: Session-Key Management
Protocol", RFC 2522, March 1999.
[SAVAGE99] Savage, S., Cardwell, N., Wetherall, D., and Anderson, T.,
"TCP Congestion Control with a Misbehaving Receiver", ACM
Computer Communication Review, 29(5), October 1999.
---------
New text: (Section 18)
---------
18. References
[ALLMAN99] Allman, M. and Paxson, V., "On Estimating End-to-End
Network Path Properties", Proc. SIGCOMM'99, 1999.
[FALL96] Fall, K. and Floyd, S., Simulation-based Comparisons of
Tahoe, Reno, and SACK TCP, Computer Communications Review,
V. 26 N. 3, July 1996, pp. 5-21.
[RFC1750] Eastlake, D. (ed.), "Randomness Recommendations for
Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.
[RFC1858] Ziemba, G., Reed, D. and Traina P., "Security
Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858,
October 1995.
[RFC1950] Deutsch P. and J. Gailly, "ZLIB Compressed Data Format
Specification version 3.3", RFC 1950, May 1996.
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[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, March 1997.
[RFC2196] Fraser, B., "Site Security Handbook", FYI 8, RFC 2196,
September 1997.
[RFC2522] Karn, P. and W. Simpson, "Photuris: Session-Key Management
Protocol", RFC 2522, March 1999.
[SAVAGE99] Savage, S., Cardwell, N., Wetherall, D., and Anderson, T.,
"TCP Congestion Control with a Misbehaving Receiver", ACM
Computer Communication Review, 29(5), October 1999.
2.11.3 Solution description
The above text adding a new subsection to the Security Considerations
section of RFC2960 [5] makes clear that, to make easier the
interaction with firewalls, an INIT chunk must not be bundled in any
case with any other chunk, being this rule enforced by the packet
receiver, that will silently discard the packets that do not follow
this rule.
2.12 Shutdown ambiguity
2.12.1 Description of the problem
Currently there is an ambiguity between the statements in section 6.2
and section 9.2. Section 6.2 allows the sending of a SHUTDOWN chunk
in place of a SACK when the sender is in the process of shutting
down, while section 9.2 requires both a SHUTDOWN chunk and a SACK
chunk to be sent.
Along with this ambiguity there is a problem where in an errant
SHUTDOWN receiver may fail to stop accepting user data.
2.12.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 9.2)
---------
If there are still outstanding DATA chunks left, the SHUTDOWN
receiver shall continue to follow normal data transmission procedures
defined in Section 6 until all outstanding DATA chunks are
acknowledged; however, the SHUTDOWN receiver MUST NOT accept new data
from its SCTP user.
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While in SHUTDOWN-SENT state, the SHUTDOWN sender MUST immediately
respond to each received packet containing one or more DATA chunk(s)
with a SACK, a SHUTDOWN chunk, and restart the T2-shutdown timer. If
it has no more outstanding DATA chunks, the SHUTDOWN receiver shall
send a SHUTDOWN ACK and start a T2-shutdown timer of its own,
entering the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state. If the timer expires, the
endpoint must re-send the SHUTDOWN ACK.
---------
New text: (Section 9.2)
---------
If there are still outstanding DATA chunks left, the SHUTDOWN
receiver shall continue to follow normal data transmission procedures
defined in Section 6 until all outstanding DATA chunks are
acknowledged; however, the SHUTDOWN receiver MUST NOT accept new data
from its SCTP user.
While in SHUTDOWN-SENT state, the SHUTDOWN sender MUST immediately
respond to each received packet containing one or more DATA chunk(s)
with a SHUTDOWN chunk, and restart the T2-shutdown timer. If a
SHUTDOWN chunk by itself cannot acknowledge all of the received DATA
chunks (i.e. there are TSN's that can be acknowledged that are larger
than the cumulative TSN and thus gaps exist in the TSN sequence) or
if duplicate TSN's have been recieved then a SACK chunk MUST also be sent.
The sender of the SHUTDOWN MAY also start an overall guard timer
'T5-shutdown-guard' to bound the overall time for shutdown sequence.
At the expiration of this timer the sender SHOULD abort the
association by sending an ABORT chunk. If the 'T5-shutdown-guard'
timer is used, it SHOULD be set to the recommended value of 5 times
'RTO.Max'.
If the receiver of the SHUTDOWN has no more outstanding DATA chunks,
the SHUTDOWN receiver shall send a SHUTDOWN ACK and start a
T2-shutdown timer of its own, entering the SHUTDOWN-ACK-SENT state.
If the timer expires, the endpoint must re-send the SHUTDOWN ACK.
2.12.3 Solution description
The above text clarifies the use of a SACK in conjunction with a
SHUTDOWN chunk. It also adds a guard timer to the SCTP shutdown
sequence to protect against errant receivers of SHUTDOWN chunks.
2.13 Inconsistency in ABORT processing
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2.13.1 Description of the problem
It was noted that the wording in section 8.5.1 did not give proper
directions in the use of the 'T bit' with the verification tags.
2.13.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 8.5.1)
---------
B) Rules for packet carrying ABORT:
- The endpoint shall always fill in the Verification Tag field of
the outbound packet with the destination endpoint's tag value
if it is known.
- If the ABORT is sent in response to an OOTB packet, the
endpoint MUST follow the procedure described in Section 8.4.
- The receiver MUST accept the packet if the Verification Tag
matches either its own tag, OR the tag of its peer. Otherwise,
the receiver MUST silently discard the packet and take no
further action.
---------
New text: (Section 8.5.1)
---------
B) Rules for packet carrying ABORT:
- The endpoint shall always fill in the Verification Tag field of
the outbound packet with the destination endpoint's tag value
if it is known.
- If the ABORT is sent in response to an OOTB packet, the
endpoint MUST follow the procedure described in Section 8.4.
- The receiver of a ABORT shall accept the packet if the
Verification Tag field of the packet matches its own tag OR it
is set to its peer's tag and the T bit is set in the Chunk
Flags. Otherwise, the receiver MUST silently discard the packet
and take no further action.
2.13.3 Solution description
The above text change clarifies that the T bit must be set before an
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implementation looks for the peers tag.
2.14 Cwnd gated by its full use
2.14.1 Description of the problem
A problem was found with the current specification of the growth and
decay of cwnd. The cwnd should only be increased if it is being fully
utilized, and after periods of under utilization, the cwnd should be
decreased. In some sections, the current wording is weak and is not
clearly defined. Also, the current specification unnecessarily
introduces the need for special case code to ensure cwnd degradation.
Plus, the cwnd should not be increased during Fast Recovery since a
full cwnd during Fast Recovery does not qualify the cwnd as being
fully utilized. Additionally, multiple loss scenarios in a single
window may cause the cwnd to grow more rapidly as the number of
losses in a window increases [3].
2.14.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.1)
---------
D) Then, the sender can send out as many new DATA chunks as Rule A
and Rule B above allow.
---------
New text: (Section 6.1)
---------
D) When the time comes for the sender to transmit new DATA chunks, the
protocol parameter Max.Burst MUST first be applied to limit how many
new DATA chunks may be sent. The limit is applied by adjusting cwnd
as follows:
if((flightsize + Max.Burst*MTU) < cwnd)
cwnd = flightsize + Max.Burst*MTU
E) Then, the sender can send out as many new DATA chunks as Rule A
and Rule B above allow.
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
o When cwnd is less than or equal to ssthresh an SCTP endpoint MUST
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use the slow start algorithm to increase cwnd (assuming the
current congestion window is being fully utilized). If an
incoming SACK advances the Cumulative TSN Ack Point, cwnd MUST be
increased by at most the lesser of 1) the total size of the
previously outstanding DATA chunk(s) acknowledged, and 2) the
destination's path MTU. This protects against the ACK-Splitting
attack outlined in [SAVAGE99].
---------
New text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
o When cwnd is less than or equal to ssthresh an SCTP endpoint MUST use
the slow start algorithm to increase cwnd only if the current
congestion window is being fully utilized, an incoming SACK advances
the Cumulative TSN Ack Point, and the data sender is not in Fast
Recovery. Only when these three conditions are met can the cwnd be
increased otherwise the cwnd MUST not be increased. If these conditions
are met then cwnd MUST be increased by at most the lesser of 1) the
total size of the previously outstanding DATA chunk(s) acknowledged,
and 2) the destination's path MTU. This protects against the
ACK-Splitting attack outlined in [SAVAGE99].
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
o When the endpoint does not transmit data on a given transport
address, the cwnd of the transport address should be adjusted to
max(cwnd/2, 2*MTU) per RTO.
---------
New text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
o When the association does not transmit data on a given transport address
within an RTO, the cwnd of the transport address SHOULD be adjusted to
2*MTU.
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.2)
---------
o Same as in the slow start, when the sender does not transmit DATA
on a given transport address, the cwnd of the transport address
should be adjusted to max(cwnd / 2, 2*MTU) per RTO.
---------
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New text: (Section 7.2.2)
---------
o Same as in the slow start, when the sender does not transmit DATA on
a given transport address within an RTO, the cwnd of the transport
address should be adjusted to 2*MTU.
---------
Old text: (Section 14)
---------
14. Suggested SCTP Protocol Parameter Values
The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:
RTO.Initial - 3 seconds
RTO.Min - 1 second
RTO.Max - 60 seconds
RTO.Alpha - 1/8
RTO.Beta - 1/4
Valid.Cookie.Life - 60 seconds
Association.Max.Retrans - 10 attempts
Path.Max.Retrans - 5 attempts (per destination address)
Max.Init.Retransmits - 8 attempts
HB.interval - 30 seconds
---------
New text: (Section 14)
---------
14. Suggested SCTP Protocol Parameter Values
The following protocol parameters are RECOMMENDED:
RTO.Initial - 3 seconds
RTO.Min - 1 second
RTO.Max - 60 seconds
Max.Burst - 4
RTO.Alpha - 1/8
RTO.Beta - 1/4
Valid.Cookie.Life - 60 seconds
Association.Max.Retrans - 10 attempts
Path.Max.Retrans - 5 attempts (per destination address)
Max.Init.Retransmits - 8 attempts
HB.Interval - 30 seconds
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2.14.3 Solution description
The above changes strengthens the rules and makes it much more
apparent as to the need to block cwnd growth when the full cwnd is
not being utilized. The changes also applies cwnd degradation without
introducing the need for complex special case code.
2.15 Window probes in SCTP
2.15.1 Description of the problem
When a receiver clamps its rwnd to 0 to flow control the peer, the
specification implies that one must continue to accept data from the
remote peer. This is incorrect and needs clarification.
2.15.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.2)
---------
The SCTP endpoint MUST always acknowledge the reception of each valid
DATA chunk.
---------
New text: (Section 6.2)
---------
The SCTP endpoint MUST always acknowledge the reception of each
valid DATA chunk when the DATA chunk received is inside its receive
window.
When the receiver's advertised window is 0, the receiver MUST drop
all new incoming DATA chunk and immediately send back a SACK with
the current receive window showing only DATA chunks received and
accepted so far. The dropped DATA chunk MUST NOT be included in the
SACK as they were not accepted. The receiver MUST also have an
algorithm for advertising its receive window to avoid receiver silly
window syndrome (SWS) as described in RFC 813. The algorithm can be
similar to the one described in Section 4.2.3.3 of RFC 1122.
Because of receiver SWS avoidance, even when the receiver's internal
buffer is not full anymore, as long as the advertised window is
still 0, the receiver MUST still drop all new incoming DATA chunk.
---------
Old text: (Section 6.1)
---------
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A) At any given time, the data sender MUST NOT transmit new data to
any destination transport address if its peer's rwnd indicates
that the peer has no buffer space (i.e. rwnd is 0, see Section
6.2.1). However, regardless of the value of rwnd (including if it
is 0), the data sender can always have one DATA chunk in flight to
the receiver if allowed by cwnd (see rule B below). This rule
allows the sender to probe for a change in rwnd that the sender
missed due to the SACK having been lost in transit from the data
receiver to the data sender.
---------
New text: (Section 6.1)
---------
A) At any given time, the data sender MUST NOT transmit new data to
any destination transport address if its peer's rwnd indicates
that the peer has no buffer space (i.e. rwnd is 0, see Section
6.2.1). However, regardless of the value of rwnd (including if it
is 0), the data sender can always have one DATA chunk in flight to
the receiver if allowed by cwnd (see rule B below). This rule
allows the sender to probe for a change in rwnd that the sender
missed due to the SACK having been lost in transit from the data
receiver to the data sender.
When the receiver's advertised window is zero, this probe is called
a zero window probe. Note that zero window probe SHOULD only be sent
when all outstanding DATA chunks have been cumulatively acknowledged
and no DATA chunk(s) are in flight. Zero window probing MUST
be supported.
When a sender is doing zero window probing, it should not time
out the association if it continues to receive new packets from
the receiver. The reason is that the receiver MAY keep its window
closed for an indefinite time. Refer to Section 6.2 on the receiver
behavior when it advertises a zero window. The sender SHOULD
send the first zero window probe after 1 RTO when it detects that
the receiver has closed its window, and SHOULD increase the probe
interval exponentially afterwards. Also note that the cwnd SHOULD
be adjusted according to Section 7.2.1. Zero window probing does
not affect the calculation of cwnd.
The sender MUST also have algorithm in sending new DATA chunks to
avoid silly window syndrome (SWS) as described in RFC 813. The
algorithm can be similar to the one described in Section 4.2.3.4
of RFC 1122.
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2.15.3 Solution description
The above allows a receiver to drop new data that arrives and yet
still requires the receiver to send a SACK showing the conditions
unchanged (with the possible exception of a new a_rwnd) and the
dropped chunk as missing. This will allow the association to continue
until the rwnd condition clears.
2.16 Fragmentation and Path MTU issues
2.16.1 Description of the problem
The current wording of the Fragmentation and Reassembly forces an
implementation that supports fragmentation to always fragment. This
prohibits an implementation from offering its users an option to
disable sends that exceed the SCTP fragmentation point.
The restriction in RFC2960 [5] section 6.9 was never meant to
restrict an implementations API from this behavior.
2.16.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.1)
---------
6.9 Fragmentation and Reassembly
An endpoint MAY support fragmentation when sending DATA chunks, but
MUST support reassembly when receiving DATA chunks. If an endpoint
supports fragmentation, it MUST fragment a user message if the size
of the user message to be sent causes the outbound SCTP packet size
to exceed the current MTU. If an implementation does not support
fragmentation of outbound user messages, the endpoint must return an
error to its upper layer and not attempt to send the user message.
IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: In this error case, the Send primitive
discussed in Section 10.1 would need to return an error to the upper
layer.
---------
New text: (Section 6.1)
---------
6.9 Fragmentation and Reassembly
An endpoint MAY support fragmentation when sending DATA chunks, but
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MUST support reassembly when receiving DATA chunks. If an endpoint
supports fragmentation, it MUST fragment a user message if the size
of the user message to be sent causes the outbound SCTP packet size
to exceed the current MTU. If an implementation does not support
fragmentation of outbound user messages, the endpoint must return an
error to its upper layer and not attempt to send the user message.
Note: If an implementation that supports fragmentation makes
available to its upper layer a mechanism to turn off fragmentation
it may do so. However in so doing, it MUST react just like an
implementation that does NOT support fragmentation i.e. it MUST
reject sends that exceed the current P-MTU.
IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: In this error case, the Send primitive
discussed in Section 10.1 would need to return an error to the upper
layer.
2.16.3 Solution description
The above wording will allow an implementation to offer the option of
rejecting sends that exceed the P-MTU size even when the
implementation supports fragmentation.
2.17 Initial value of the cumulative TSN Ack
2.17.1 Description of the problem
The current description of the SACK chunk within the RFC does not
clearly state the value that would be put within a SACK when no DATA
chunk has been received.
2.17.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.4)
---------
Cumulative TSN Ack: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
This parameter contains the TSN of the last DATA chunk received in
sequence before a gap.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.4)
---------
Cumulative TSN Ack: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
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This parameter contains the TSN of the last DATA chunk received in
sequence before a gap. In the case where no DATA chunk has
been received, this value is set to the peers Initial TSN minus
one.
2.17.3 Solution description
This change clearly states what the initial value will be for a SACK
sender.
2.18 Handling of address parameters within the INIT or INIT-ACK
2.18.1 Description of the problem
The current description on handling address parameters contained
within the INIT and INIT-ACK do not fully describe a requirement for
their handling.
2.18.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 5.1.2)
---------
C) If there are only IPv4/IPv6 addresses present in the received INIT
or INIT ACK chunk, the receiver shall derive and record all the
transport address(es) from the received chunk AND the source IP
address that sent the INIT or INIT ACK. The transport address(es)
are derived by the combination of SCTP source port (from the
common header) and the IP address parameter(s) carried in the INIT
or INIT ACK chunk and the source IP address of the IP datagram.
The receiver should use only these transport addresses as
destination transport addresses when sending subsequent packets to
its peer.
---------
New text: (Section 5.1.2)
---------
C) If there are only IPv4/IPv6 addresses present in the received INIT
or INIT ACK chunk, the receiver shall derive and record all the
transport address(es) from the received chunk AND the source IP
address that sent the INIT or INIT ACK. The transport address(es)
are derived by the combination of SCTP source port (from the
common header) and the IP address parameter(s) carried in the INIT
or INIT ACK chunk and the source IP address of the IP datagram.
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The receiver should use only these transport addresses as
destination transport addresses when sending subsequent packets to
its peer.
D) An INIT or INIT ACK chunk MUST be treated as belonging
to an already established association (or one in the
process of being established) if the use of any of the
valid address parameters contained within the chunk
would identify an existing TCB.
2.18.3 Solution description
This new text clearly specifies to an implementor the need to look
within the INIT or INIT ACK. Any implementation that does not do
this, may for example not be able to recognize an INIT chunk coming
from an already established association that adds new addresses (see
section 2.6), or an incoming INIT ACK chunk sent from a source
address different to the destination address used to send the INIT
chunk.
2.19 Handling of stream shortages
2.19.1 Description of the problem
The current wording in the RFC places the choice of sending an ABORT
upon the SCTP stack when a stream shortage occurs. This decision
should really be made by the upper layer not the SCTP stack.
2.19.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text:
---------
5.1.1 Handle Stream Parameters
In the INIT and INIT ACK chunks, the sender of the chunk shall
indicate the number of outbound streams (OS) it wishes to have in the
association, as well as the maximum inbound streams (MIS) it will
accept from the other endpoint.
After receiving the stream configuration information from the other
side, each endpoint shall perform the following check: If the peer's
MIS is less than the endpoint's OS, meaning that the peer is
incapable of supporting all the outbound streams the endpoint wants
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to configure, the endpoint MUST either use MIS outbound streams, or
abort the association and report to its upper layer the resources
shortage at its peer.
---------
New text: (Section 5.1.2)
---------
5.1.1 Handle Stream Parameters
In the INIT and INIT ACK chunks, the sender of the chunk shall
indicate the number of outbound streams (OS) it wishes to have in the
association, as well as the maximum inbound streams (MIS) it will
accept from the other endpoint.
After receiving the stream configuration information from the other
side, each endpoint shall perform the following check: If the peer's
MIS is less than the endpoint's OS, meaning that the peer is
incapable of supporting all the outbound streams the endpoint wants
to configure, the endpoint MUST use MIS outbound streams and MAY
report any shortage to the upper layer. The upper layer can then
choose to abort the association if the resource shortage
is unacceptable.
2.19.3 Solution description
The above changes take the decision to ABORT out of the realm of the
SCTP stack and places it into the users hands.
2.20 Indefinite postponement
2.20.1 Description of the problem
The current RFC does not provide any guidance on the assignment of
TSN sequence numbers to outbound message nor reception of these
message. This could lead to a possible indefinite postponement.
2.20.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.1)
---------
Note: The data sender SHOULD NOT use a TSN that is more than 2**31 -
1 above the beginning TSN of the current send window.
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6.2 Acknowledgment on Reception of DATA Chunks
---------
New text: (Section 6.1)
---------
Note: The data sender SHOULD NOT use a TSN that is more than 2**31 -
1 above the beginning TSN of the current send window.
The algorithm by which an implementation assigns sequential TSNs to
messages on a particular association MUST ensure that no user
message that has been accepted by SCTP is indefinitely postponed
from being assigned a TSN. Acceptable algorithms for assigning TSNs
include
(a) assigning TSNs in round-robin order over all streams with
pending data
(b) preserving the linear order in which the user messages were
submitted to the SCTP association.
When an upper layer requests to read data on an SCTP association,
the SCTP receiver SHOULD choose the message with the lowest TSN from
among all deliverable messages. In SCTP implementations that allow a
user to request data on a specific stream, this operation SHOULD NOT
block if data is not available, since this can lead to a deadlock
under certain conditions.
6.2 Acknowledgment on Reception of DATA Chunks
2.20.3 Solution description
The above wording clarifies how TSNs SHOULD be assigned by the
sender.
2.21 User initiated abort of an association
2.21.1 Description of the problem
It is not possible for an upper layer to abort the association and
provide the peer with an indication why the association is aborted.
2.21.2 Text changes to the document
Some of the changes given here already include changes suggested in
section Section 2.6 of this document.
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---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.10)
---------
Cause Code
Value Cause Code
--------- ----------------
1 Invalid Stream Identifier
2 Missing Mandatory Parameter
3 Stale Cookie Error
4 Out of Resource
5 Unresolvable Address
6 Unrecognized Chunk Type
7 Invalid Mandatory Parameter
8 Unrecognized Parameters
9 No User Data
10 Cookie Received While Shutting Down
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields
Cause-specific Information: variable length
This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.10 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 13.3.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.10)
---------
Cause Code
Value Cause Code
--------- ----------------
1 Invalid Stream Identifier
2 Missing Mandatory Parameter
3 Stale Cookie Error
4 Out of Resource
5 Unresolvable Address
6 Unrecognized Chunk Type
7 Invalid Mandatory Parameter
8 Unrecognized Parameters
9 No User Data
10 Cookie Received While Shutting Down
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11 Restart of an association with new addresses
12 User Initiated Abort
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields
Cause-specific Information: variable length
This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.12 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 13.3.
---------
New text: (Note no old text, new error added in section 3.3.10)
---------
3.3.10.12 User Initiated Abort (12)
Cause of error
--------------
This error cause MAY be included in ABORT chunks which are send
because of an upper layer request. The upper layer can specify
an Upper Layer Abort Reason which is transported by SCTP
transparently and MAY be delivered to the upper layer protocol
at the peer.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code=12 | Cause Length=Variable |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Upper Layer Abort Reason /
\\ \\
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
---------
Old text: (Section 9.1)
---------
9.1 Abort of an Association
When an endpoint decides to abort an existing association, it shall
send an ABORT chunk to its peer endpoint. The sender MUST fill in
the peer's Verification Tag in the outbound packet and MUST NOT
bundle any DATA chunk with the ABORT.
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An endpoint MUST NOT respond to any received packet that contains an
ABORT chunk (also see Section 8.4).
An endpoint receiving an ABORT shall apply the special Verification
Tag check rules described in Section 8.5.1.
After checking the Verification Tag, the receiving endpoint shall
remove the association from its record, and shall report the
termination to its upper layer.
---------
New text: (Section 9.1)
---------
9.1 Abort of an Association
When an endpoint decides to abort an existing association, it shall
send an ABORT chunk to its peer endpoint. The sender MUST fill in
the peer's Verification Tag in the outbound packet and MUST NOT
bundle any DATA chunk with the ABORT. If the association is aborted
on request of the upper layer an User Initiated Abort error cause
(see 3.3.10.12) SHOULD be present in the ABORT chunk.
An endpoint MUST NOT respond to any received packet that contains an
ABORT chunk (also see Section 8.4).
An endpoint receiving an ABORT shall apply the special Verification
Tag check rules described in Section 8.5.1.
After checking the Verification Tag, the receiving endpoint shall
remove the association from its record, and shall report the
termination to its upper layer. If an User Initiated Abort error
cause is present in the ABORT chunk the Upper Layer Abort Reason
shall be made available to the upper layer.
---------
Old text: (Section 10.1)
---------
D) Abort
Format: ABORT(association id [, cause code])
-> result
Ungracefully closes an association. Any locally queued user data
will be discarded and an ABORT chunk is sent to the peer. A success
code will be returned on successful abortion of the association. If
attempting to abort the association results in a failure, an error
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code shall be returned.
Mandatory attributes:
o association id - local handle to the SCTP association
Optional attributes:
o cause code - reason of the abort to be passed to the peer.
---------
New text: (Section 10.1)
---------
D) Abort
Format: ABORT(association id [, Upper Layer Abort Reason])
-> result
Ungracefully closes an association. Any locally queued user data
will be discarded and an ABORT chunk is sent to the peer. A success
code will be returned on successful abortion of the association. If
attempting to abort the association results in a failure, an error
code shall be returned.
Mandatory attributes:
o association id - local handle to the SCTP association
Optional attributes:
o Upper Layer Abort Reason - reason of the abort to be passed to the peer.
None.
---------
Old text: (Section 10.2)
---------
E) COMMUNICATION LOST notification
When SCTP loses communication to an endpoint completely (e.g., via
Heartbeats) or detects that the endpoint has performed an abort
operation, it shall invoke this notification on the ULP.
The following shall be passed with the notification:
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o association id - local handle to the SCTP association
o status - This indicates what type of event has occurred; The status
may indicate a failure OR a normal termination event
occurred in response to a shutdown or abort request.
The following may be passed with the notification:
o data retrieval id - an identification used to retrieve unsent and
unacknowledged data.
o last-acked - the TSN last acked by that peer endpoint;
o last-sent - the TSN last sent to that peer endpoint;
---------
New text: (Section 10.2)
---------
E) COMMUNICATION LOST notification
When SCTP loses communication to an endpoint completely (e.g., via
Heartbeats) or detects that the endpoint has performed an abort
operation, it shall invoke this notification on the ULP.
The following shall be passed with the notification:
o association id - local handle to the SCTP association
o status - This indicates what type of event has occurred; The status
may indicate a failure OR a normal termination event
occurred in response to a shutdown or abort request.
The following may be passed with the notification:
o data retrieval id - an identification used to retrieve unsent and
unacknowledged data.
o last-acked - the TSN last acked by that peer endpoint;
o last-sent - the TSN last sent to that peer endpoint;
o Upper Layer Abort Reason - the abort reason specified if case of an user
initiated abort.
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2.21.3 Solution description
The above allows an upper layer to provide its peer with an
indication why the association was aborted. Therefore an addition
error cause was introduced.
2.22 Handling of invalid Initiate Tag of INIT-ACK
2.22.1 Description of the problem
RFC 2960 requires that the receiver of an INIT-ACK with the Initiate
Tag set to zero handles this as an error and sends back an ABORT. But
the sender of the INIT-ACK normally has no TCB and so the ABORT is
useless.
2.22.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.3)
---------
Initiate Tag: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The receiver of the INIT ACK records the value of the Initiate Tag
parameter. This value MUST be placed into the Verification Tag
field of every SCTP packet that the INIT ACK receiver transmits
within this association.
The Initiate Tag MUST NOT take the value 0. See Section 5.3.1 for
more on the selection of the Initiate Tag value.
If the value of the Initiate Tag in a received INIT ACK chunk is
found to be 0, the receiver MUST treat it as an error and close
the association by transmitting an ABORT.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.3)
---------
Initiate Tag: 32 bits (unsigned integer)
The receiver of the INIT ACK records the value of the Initiate Tag
parameter. This value MUST be placed into the Verification Tag
field of every SCTP packet that the INIT ACK receiver transmits
within this association.
The Initiate Tag MUST NOT take the value 0. See Section 5.3.1 for
more on the selection of the Initiate Tag value.
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If the value of the Initiate Tag in a received INIT ACK chunk is
found to be 0, the receiver MUST destroy the association discarding
its TCB. The receiver MAY send an ABORT for debugging purpose.
2.22.3 Solution description
The new text does not require the receiver of the invalid INIT-ACK to
send the ABORT. This behavior is in tune with the error case of
invalid stream numbers in the INIT-ACK. However it is allowed to send
an ABORT for debugging purposes.
2.23 ABORT sending in response to an INIT
2.23.1 Description of the problem
Whenever the receiver of an INIT chunk has to send an ABORT chunk in
response for whatever reason it is not stated clearly which
Verification Tag and value of the T-bit should be used.
2.23.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 8.4)
---------
3) If the packet contains an INIT chunk with a Verification Tag set
to '0', process it as described in Section 5.1. Otherwise,
---------
New text: (Section 8.4)
---------
3) If the packet contains an INIT chunk with a Verification Tag set
to '0', process it as described in Section 5.1. If, for whatever
reason, the INIT can not be processed normally and an ABORT has to be
sent in response, the Verification Tag of the packet containing the
ABORT chunk MUST be the Initiate tag of the received INIT chunk
and the T-Bit of the ABORT chunk has to be set to 0 indicating that
a TCB was destroyed. Otherwise,
2.23.3 Solution description
The new text stated clearly which value of the Verification Tag and
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T-bit have to be used.
2.24 Stream Sequence Number (SSN) Initialization
2.24.1 Description of the problem
RFC 2960 does not describe the fact that the SSN have to be
initialized to 0 in the way it is required by RFC2119.
2.24.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 6.5)
---------
The stream sequence number in all the streams shall start from 0 when
the association is established. Also, when the stream sequence
number reaches the value 65535 the next stream sequence number shall
be set to 0.
---------
New text: (Section 6.5)
---------
The stream sequence number in all the streams MUST start from 0 when
the association is established. Also, when the stream sequence
number reaches the value 65535 the next stream sequence number MUST
be set to 0.
2.24.3 Solution description
The 'shall' in the text is replaced by a 'MUST' to clearly state the
required behavior.
2.25 SACK packet format
2.25.1 Description of the problem
It is not clear in RFC 2960 whether a SACK must contain the fields
Number of Gap Ack Blocks and Number of Duplicate TSNs or not.
2.25.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.4)
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---------
The SACK MUST contain the Cumulative TSN Ack and Advertised Receiver
Window Credit (a_rwnd) parameters.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.4)
---------
The SACK MUST contain the Cumulative TSN Ack, Advertised Receiver
Window Credit (a_rwnd), Number of Gap Ack Blocks, and
Number of Duplicate TSNs fields.
2.25.3 Solution description
The text has been modified. It is now clear that a SACK always
contains the fields Number of Gap Ack Blocks and Number of Duplicate
TSNs.
2.26 Protocol Violation Error Cause
2.26.1 Description of the problem
There are many situations a SCTP endpoints detects that the peer
violates the protocol. Therefore the association has to be aborted.
Currently there are only some error causes which could be used to
indicate the reason of the abort but these do not cover all cases.
2.26.2 Text changes to the document
Some of the changes given here already include changes suggested in
section Section 2.6 and Section 2.21 of this document.
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.10)
---------
Cause Code
Value Cause Code
--------- ----------------
1 Invalid Stream Identifier
2 Missing Mandatory Parameter
3 Stale Cookie Error
4 Out of Resource
5 Unresolvable Address
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6 Unrecognized Chunk Type
7 Invalid Mandatory Parameter
8 Unrecognized Parameters
9 No User Data
10 Cookie Received While Shutting Down
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields
Cause-specific Information: variable length
This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.10 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 13.3.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.10)
---------
Cause Code
Value Cause Code
--------- ----------------
1 Invalid Stream Identifier
2 Missing Mandatory Parameter
3 Stale Cookie Error
4 Out of Resource
5 Unresolvable Address
6 Unrecognized Chunk Type
7 Invalid Mandatory Parameter
8 Unrecognized Parameters
9 No User Data
10 Cookie Received While Shutting Down
11 Restart of an association with new addresses
12 User Initiated Abort
13 Protocol Violation
Cause Length: 16 bits (unsigned integer)
Set to the size of the parameter in bytes, including the Cause
Code, Cause Length, and Cause-Specific Information fields
Cause-specific Information: variable length
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This field carries the details of the error condition.
Sections 3.3.10.1 - 3.3.10.13 define error causes for SCTP.
Guidelines for the IETF to define new error cause values are
discussed in Section 13.3.
---------
New text: (Note no old text, new error added in section 3.3.10)
---------
3.3.10.13 Protocol Violation (13)
Cause of error
--------------
This error cause MAY be included in ABORT chunks which are send
because a SCTP endpoint detects a protocol violation of the peer
which is not covered by the error causes described in 3.3.10.1 to
3.3.10.12. An implementation MAY provide Additional Information
specifying what kind of protocol violation has been detected.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code=13 | Cause Length=Variable |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ Additional Information /
\\ \\
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
2.26.3 Solution description
An additional error cause which can be used by an endpoint to
indicate a protocol violation of the peer has been defined.
2.27 Reporting of Unrecognized Parameters
2.27.1 Description of the problem
It is not stated clearly in RFC2960 [5] how unrecognized parameters
should be reported. Unrecognized parameters in an INIT chunk could be
reported in the INIT-ACK chunk or in a separate ERROR chunk which can
get lost. Unrecognized parameters in an INIT-ACK chunk have to be
reported in an ERROR-chunk. This can be bundled with the COOKIE-ERROR
chunk or sent separately. If it is sent separately and received
before the COOKIE-ECHO it will be handled as an OOTB packet resulting
in sending out an ABORT chunk. Therefore the association would not be
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established.
2.27.2 Text changes to the document
Some of the changes given here already include changes suggested in
section Section 2.2 of this document.
---------
Old text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
00 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it.
01 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it, and report the unrecognized
parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in either an
ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
10 - Skip this parameter and continue processing.
11 - Skip this parameter and continue processing but report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in
either an ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
---------
New text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
00 - Stop processing this SCTP chunk and discard it, do not process
any further parameters within this chunk.
01 - Stop processing this SCTP chunk and discard it, do not process
any further parameters within this chunk, and report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' as
described in 3.2.2.
10 - Skip this parameter and continue processing.
11 - Skip this parameter and continue processing but report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' as
described in 3.2.2.
---------
New text: (Note no old text, clarification added in section 3.2)
---------
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3.2.2 Reporting of Unrecognized Parameters
If the receiver of an INIT chunk detects unrecognized parameters
and has to report them according to section 3.2.1 it MUST put
the 'Unrecognized Parameter' parameter(s) in the INIT-ACK chunk
sent in response to the INIT-chunk. Note that if the receiver
of the INIT chunk is NOT going to establish an association (e.g.
due to lack of resources) then no report would be sent back.
If the receiver of an INIT-ACK chunk detects unrecognized parameters
and has to report them according to section 3.2.1 it SHOULD bundle
the ERROR chunk containing the 'Unrecognized Parameters' error cause
with the COOKIE-ECHO chunk sent in response to the INIT-ACK chunk.
If the receiver of the INIT-ACK can not bundle the COOKIE-ECHO chunk
with the ERROR chunk the ERROR chunk MAY be sent separately but not
before the COOKIE-ACK has been received.
Note: Any time a COOKIE-ECHO is sent in a packet it MUST be the
first chunk.
2.27.3 Solution description
The procedure of reporting unrecognized parameters has been described
clearly.
2.28 Handling of IP Address Parameters
2.28.1 Description of the problem
It is not stated clearly in RFC2960 [5] how a SCTP endpoint which
supports either IPv4 addresses or IPv6 addresses should respond if
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are presented by the peer in the INIT or
INIT-ACK chunk.
2.28.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 5.1.2)
---------
IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: In the case that the receiver of an INIT ACK
fails to resolve the address parameter due to an unsupported type, it
can abort the initiation process and then attempt a re-initiation by
using a 'Supported Address Types' parameter in the new INIT to
indicate what types of address it prefers.
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---------
New text: (Section 5.1.2)
---------
IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: In the case that the receiver of an INIT ACK
fails to resolve the address parameter due to an unsupported type, it
can abort the initiation process and then attempt a re-initiation by
using a 'Supported Address Types' parameter in the new INIT to
indicate what types of address it prefers.
IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: If a SCTP endpoint only supporting either IPv4
or IPv6 receives IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in an INIT or INIT-ACK chunk
from its peer it MUST use all of the addresses belonging to the
supported address family. The other addresses MAY be ignored. The
endpoint SHOULD NOT respond with any kind of error indication.
2.28.3 Solution description
The procedure of handling IP address parameters has been described
clearly.
2.29 Handling of COOKIE ECHO chunks when a TCB exists
2.29.1 Description of the problem
The description of be behavior in RFC2960 [5] when a COOKIE ECHO
chunk and a TCB exists could be misunderstood. When a COOKIE ECHO is
received, a TCB exist and the local and peer's tag match it is stated
that the endpoint should enter the ESTABLISHED state if it has not
already done so and send a COOKIE ACK. It was not clear that in case
the endpoint has already left again the ESTABLISHED state then it
should not go back to established. In case D the endpoint can only
enter state ESTABLISHED from COOKIE-ECHOED because in state CLOSED it
has no TCB and in state COOKIE-WAIT it has a TCB but knows nothing
about the peer's tag which is requested to match in this case.
2.29.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 5.2.4)
---------
D) When both local and remote tags match the endpoint should always
enter the ESTABLISHED state, if it has not already done so. It
should stop any init or cookie timers that may be running and send
a COOKIE ACK.
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---------
New text: (Section 5.2.4)
---------
D) When both local and remote tags match the endpoint should
enter the ESTABLISHED state, if it is in the COOKIE-ECHOED state.
It should stop any cookie timer that may be running and send
a COOKIE ACK.
2.29.3 Solution description
The procedure of handling of COOKIE-ECHO chunks when a TCB exists has
been described clearly.
2.30 The Initial Congestion Window Size
2.30.1 Description of the problem
RFC2960 was published with the intention of having the same
congestion control properties as TCP. Since the publication of
RFC2960, TCP's initial congestion window size as been increased via
RFC3390. This same update will be needed for SCTP to keep SCTP's
congestion control properties equivilant to that of TCP.
2.30.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
o The initial cwnd before DATA transmission or after a sufficiently
long idle period MUST be <= 2*MTU.
---------
New text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
o The initial cwnd before DATA transmission or after a sufficiently
long idle period MUST be set to min (4*MTU, max (2*MTU, 4380 bytes)).
2.30.3 Solution description
The change to SCTP's initial congestion window will allow it to
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continue to maintain the same congestion control properties as TCP.
2.31 Stream Sequence Numbers in Figures
2.31.1 Description of the problem
In Section 2.24 of this document it is clarified that the SSN are
initialized with 0. Two figures in RFC2960 [5] illustrate that they
start with 1.
2.31.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
{app sets association with Z}
(build TCB)
INIT [I-Tag=Tag_A
& other info] --------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-WAIT state) \---> (compose temp TCB and Cookie_Z)
/--- INIT ACK [Veri Tag=Tag_A,
/ I-Tag=Tag_Z,
(Cancel T1-init timer) <------/ Cookie_Z, & other info]
(destroy temp TCB)
COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state) \---> (build TCB enter ESTABLISHED
state)
/---- COOKIE-ACK
/
(Cancel T1-init timer, <-----/
Enter ESTABLISHED state)
{app sends 1st user data; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=initial TSN_A
Strm=0,Seq=1 & user data]--\
(Start T3-rtx timer) \
\->
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=init
TSN_A,Block=0]
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/
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...
{app sends 2 messages;strm 0}
/---- DATA
/ [TSN=init TSN_Z
<--/ Strm=0,Seq=1 & user data 1]
SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_Z, /---- DATA
Block=0] --------\ / [TSN=init TSN_Z +1,
\/ Strm=0,Seq=2 & user data 2]
<------/\
\
\------>
Figure 4: INITiation Example
---------
New text: (Section 7.2.1)
---------
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
{app sets association with Z}
(build TCB)
INIT [I-Tag=Tag_A
& other info] --------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-WAIT state) \---> (compose temp TCB and Cookie_Z)
/--- INIT ACK [Veri Tag=Tag_A,
/ I-Tag=Tag_Z,
(Cancel T1-init timer) <------/ Cookie_Z, & other info]
(destroy temp TCB)
COOKIE ECHO [Cookie_Z] ------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state) \---> (build TCB enter ESTABLISHED
state)
/---- COOKIE-ACK
/
(Cancel T1-init timer, <-----/
Enter ESTABLISHED state)
{app sends 1st user data; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=initial TSN_A
Strm=0,Seq=0 & user data]--\
(Start T3-rtx timer) \
\->
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=init
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TSN_A,Block=0]
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/
...
{app sends 2 messages;strm 0}
/---- DATA
/ [TSN=init TSN_Z
<--/ Strm=0,Seq=0 & user data 1]
SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_Z, /---- DATA
Block=0] --------\ / [TSN=init TSN_Z +1,
\/ Strm=0,Seq=1 & user data 2]
<------/\
\
\------>
Figure 4: INITiation Example
---------
Old text: (Section 5.2.4.1)
---------
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
<-------------- Association is established---------------------->
Tag=Tag_A Tag=Tag_Z
<--------------------------------------------------------------->
{A crashes and restarts}
{app sets up a association with Z}
(build TCB)
INIT [I-Tag=Tag_A'
& other info] --------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-WAIT state) \---> (find a existing TCB
compose temp TCB and Cookie_Z
with Tie-Tags to previous
association)
/--- INIT ACK [Veri Tag=Tag_A',
/ I-Tag=Tag_Z',
(Cancel T1-init timer) <------/ Cookie_Z[TieTags=
Tag_A,Tag_Z
& other info]
(destroy temp TCB,leave original
in place)
COOKIE ECHO [Veri=Tag_Z',
Cookie_Z
Tie=Tag_A,
Tag_Z]----------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
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(Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state) \---> (Find existing association,
Tie-Tags match old tags,
Tags do not match i.e.
case X X M M above,
Announce Restart to ULP
and reset association).
/---- COOKIE-ACK
/
(Cancel T1-init timer, <-----/
Enter ESTABLISHED state)
{app sends 1st user data; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=initial TSN_A
Strm=0,Seq=1 & user data]--\
(Start T3-rtx timer) \
\->
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_A,Block=0]
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/
Figure 5: A Restart Example
---------
New text: (Section 5.2.4.1)
---------
Endpoint A Endpoint Z
<-------------- Association is established---------------------->
Tag=Tag_A Tag=Tag_Z
<--------------------------------------------------------------->
{A crashes and restarts}
{app sets up a association with Z}
(build TCB)
INIT [I-Tag=Tag_A'
& other info] --------\
(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-WAIT state) \---> (find a existing TCB
compose temp TCB and Cookie_Z
with Tie-Tags to previous
association)
/--- INIT ACK [Veri Tag=Tag_A',
/ I-Tag=Tag_Z',
(Cancel T1-init timer) <------/ Cookie_Z[TieTags=
Tag_A,Tag_Z
& other info]
(destroy temp TCB,leave original
in place)
COOKIE ECHO [Veri=Tag_Z',
Cookie_Z
Tie=Tag_A,
Tag_Z]----------\
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(Start T1-init timer) \
(Enter COOKIE-ECHOED state) \---> (Find existing association,
Tie-Tags match old tags,
Tags do not match i.e.
case X X M M above,
Announce Restart to ULP
and reset association).
/---- COOKIE-ACK
/
(Cancel T1-init timer, <-----/
Enter ESTABLISHED state)
{app sends 1st user data; strm 0}
DATA [TSN=initial TSN_A
Strm=0,Seq=0 & user data]--\
(Start T3-rtx timer) \
\->
/----- SACK [TSN Ack=init TSN_A,Block=0]
(Cancel T3-rtx timer) <------/
Figure 5: A Restart Example
2.31.3 Solution description
Figure 4 and figure 5 were changed such that the SSN start with 0
instead of 1.
2.32 Unrecognized Parameters
2.32.1 Description of the problem
The RFC does not state clearly in section 3.3.3.1 if one or multiple
unrecognized parameters are included in the 'Unrecognized Parameter'
parameter.
2.32.2 Text changes to the document
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.3)
---------
Variable Parameters Status Type Value
-------------------------------------------------------------
State Cookie Mandatory 7
IPv4 Address (Note 1) Optional 5
IPv6 Address (Note 1) Optional 6
Unrecognized Parameters Optional 8
Reserved for ECN Capable (Note 2) Optional 32768 (0x8000)
Host Name Address (Note 3) Optional 11
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---------
New text: (Section 3.3.3)
---------
Variable Parameters Status Type Value
-------------------------------------------------------------
State Cookie Mandatory 7
IPv4 Address (Note 1) Optional 5
IPv6 Address (Note 1) Optional 6
Unrecognized Parameter Optional 8
Reserved for ECN Capable (Note 2) Optional 32768 (0x8000)
Host Name Address (Note 3) Optional 11
---------
Old text: (Section 3.3.3.1)
---------
Unrecognized Parameters:
Parameter Type Value: 8
Parameter Length: Variable Size.
Parameter Value:
This parameter is returned to the originator of the INIT chunk
when the INIT contains an unrecognized parameter which has a
value that indicates that it should be reported to the sender.
This parameter value field will contain unrecognized parameters
copied from the INIT chunk complete with Parameter Type, Length
and Value fields.
---------
New text: (Section 3.3.3.1)
---------
Unrecognized Parameter:
Parameter Type Value: 8
Parameter Length: Variable Size.
Parameter Value:
This parameter is returned to the originator of the INIT chunk
when the INIT contains an unrecognized parameter which has a
value that indicates that it should be reported to the sender.
This parameter value field will contain the unrecognized parameter
copied from the INIT chunk complete with Parameter Type, Length
and Value fields.
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2.32.3 Solution description
The new text states clearly that only one unrecognized parameter is
reported per parameter.
2.33 Handling of unrecognized parameters
2.33.1 Description of the problem
It is not stated clearly in RFC2960 [5] how unrecognized parameters
should be handled. The problem came up when an INIT contains an
unrecognized parameter with highest bits 00. It was not clear if an
INIT-ACK should be sent or not.
2.33.2 Text changes to the document
Some of the changes given here already include changes suggested in
section Section 2.27 of this document.
---------
Old text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
00 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it.
01 - Stop processing this SCTP packet and discard it, do not process
any further chunks within it, and report the unrecognized
parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in either an
ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
10 - Skip this parameter and continue processing.
11 - Skip this parameter and continue processing but report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' (in
either an ERROR or in the INIT ACK).
---------
New text: (Section 3.2.1)
---------
00 - Stop processing this parameter, do not process
any further parameters within this chunk.
01 - Stop processing this parameter, do not process
any further parameters within this chunk, and report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' as
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described in 3.2.2.
10 - Skip this parameter and continue processing.
11 - Skip this parameter and continue processing but report the
unrecognized parameter in an 'Unrecognized Parameter Type' as
described in 3.2.2.
---------
New text: (Note no old text, clarification added in section 3.2)
---------
3.2.2 Reporting of Unrecognized Parameters
If the receiver of an INIT chunk detects unrecognized parameters
and has to report them according to section 3.2.1 it MUST put
the 'Unrecognized Parameter' parameter(s) in the INIT-ACK chunk
sent in response to the INIT-chunk. Note that if the receiver
of the INIT chunk is NOT going to establish an association (e.g.
due to lack of resources) an 'Unrecognized Parameters' would NOT
be included with any ABORT being sent to the sender of the INIT.
If the receiver of an INIT-ACK chunk detects unrecognized parameters
and has to report them according to section 3.2.1 it SHOULD bundle
the ERROR chunk containing the 'Unrecognized Parameters' error cause
with the COOKIE-ECHO chunk sent in response to the INIT-ACK chunk.
If the receiver of the INIT-ACK can not bundle the COOKIE-ECHO chunk
with the ERROR chunk the ERROR chunk MAY be sent separately but not
before the COOKIE-ACK has been received.
Note: Any time a COOKIE-ECHO is sent in a packet it MUST be the
first chunk.
2.33.3 Solution description
The procedure of handling unrecognized parameters has been described
clearly.
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3. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the following people that have
provided comments and input for this document:
Heinz Prantner, Jan Rovins, Renee Revis, Steven Furniss, Manoj
Solanki, Mike Turner, Jonathan Lee, Peter Butler, Laurent Glaude, Jon
Berger, Jon Grim, Dan Harrison, Sabina Torrente, Tomas Orti Martin,
Jeff Waskow, Robby Benedyk, Steve Dimig, Joe Keller, Ben Robinson,
David Lehmann, John Hebert, Sanjay Rao, Kausar Hassan, Melissa
Campbell, Sujith Radhakrishnan, Andreas Jungmaier, Mitch Miers, Fred
Hasle, Oliver Mayor, Cliff Thomas, Jonathan Wood, Kacheong Poon,
Sverre Slotte, Wang Xiaopeng, John Townsend, Harsh Bhondwe, Sandeep
Mahajan, RCMonee, Ken FUJITA, Yuji SUZUKI, Mutsuya IRIE, Sandeep
Balani, Biren Patel, Qiaobing Xie, Karl Knutson, La Monte Yarroll,
Gareth Keily, Ian Periam, Nathalie Mouellic, Atsushi Fukumoto, David
Lehmann, Rob Brennan, Thomas Curran, Stan McClellan, Keyur Shah,
Janardhan Iyengar, Serkan Cil and Caitlin Bestler.
A special thanks to Mark Allman, who should actually be a co-author
for his work on the max-burst, but managed to wiggle out due to a
technicality.
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References
[1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP
9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[3] Caro, A., Shah, K., Iyengar, J., Amer, P. and R. Stewart, "SCTP
and TCP Variants: Congestion Control Under Multiple Losses",
Technical Report TR2003-04, Computer and Information Sciences
Department, University of Delaware, February 2003, <http://
www.cis.udel.edu/~acaro/papers>.
[4] Handley, M., Padhye, J. and S. Floyd, "TCP Congestion Window
Validation", RFC 2861, June 2000.
[5] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C., Schwarzbauer,
H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M., Zhang, L. and V. Paxson,
"Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 2960, October 2000.
Authors' Addresses
Randall R. Stewart
Cisco Systems, Inc.
8725 West Higgins Road
Suite 300
Chicago, IL 60631
USA
Phone:
EMail: [email protected]
Lyndon Ong
Ciena Systems
10480 Ridgeview Ct
Cupertino, CA 95014
USA
Phone:
EMail: [email protected]
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Ivan Arias-Rodriguez
Nokia Research Center
PO Box 407
FIN-00045 Nokia Group
Finland
Phone:
EMail: [email protected]
Kacheong Poon
Consultant
Milpitas, CA
Phone:
EMail: [email protected]
Phillip T. Conrad
University of Delaware
Department of Computer & Information Sciences
103 Smith Hall
Newark, DE 19716
USA
Phone:
EMail: [email protected]
Armando L. Caro Jr.
University of Delaware
Department of Computer & Information Sciences
103 Smith Hall
Newark, DE 19716
USA
Phone:
EMail: [email protected]
URI: http://www.cis.udel.edu/~acaro
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Michael Tuexen
Univ. of Applied Sciences Muenster
Stegerwaldstr. 39
48565 Steinfurt
Germany
EMail: [email protected]
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Stewart, et al. Expires March 12, 2004 [Page 70]
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